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In my opinion or what I think I have learned about what causes cattle to have horns, scurs, or to be polled? This opinion has been formed through much rese

According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product

arch and many years of cattle breeding.

The polled or hornless condition is dominant over the horned condition in cattle. The scurred condition is the res

; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.

Examples of combination products may in

ult of incomplete dominance. Although scurs look like horns, they are attached to the skin, not to the skull of the animal.

In most breeds of cattle, horn

lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.

s are produced by a recessive gene, and the polled gene is dominant.

If you breed two animals with horns, the offspring will have horns; but if you breed

here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe

wo polled animals, the offspring could be horned or polled.

The horned calf out of two polled animals is a case of dominant genes (polled) masking a reces

d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.

Combination pro

sive gene (horns). Both the polled and horned genes were present, but only the results from the dominant polled gene was visible. This is known as a hetero

ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc

zygous gene arrangement for a trait.

When both parents are heterozygous, one-fourth of the offspring should express the recessive (horns) gene. If the par

easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi

nts carried only dominant genes (two polled genes), then all resulting offspring would be polled.

There is no way to look at an animal and determine if it

nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically

is homozygous or heterozygous polled. This genetic makeup has to be determined by tracing the animal's ancestry for a generation or two. Even then it is s

and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ

ometimes only a good guess. If he/she is homozygous-recessive and has horns, then horns will be present in all offspring.

Another unknown can occasionally

ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi

appear because a mutation can occur in some animals, which causes the polled condition, such as with Polled Herefords.

Horns or the polled condition are e

ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.

Following aspects would a

asy to explain, but scurs are more difficult to understand.

An animal with scurs is neither polled nor horned. While horns are attached to the skull, scur

dd to the challenges in developing combination products:

Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod

s are attached to skin. Scurs are a case of incomplete dominance. Most of the time a scurred animal reproduces its scurs as horns. This condition is seen m

cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin

any times in Polled Hereford, Brahman-crossbred cattle, and mysteriously in Angus cattle that are homozygous polled. There has been some suspicion that a f

tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen

w, less-than-honest producers may have introduced other horned breeds into a particular breed in an effort to get them bigger. This may account for some of

t?

As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel

these mysterious scurs. Even in purebred Angus cows, crossing with a Brahman can produce a scur. This is an example of incomplete dominance.

Scurs are ho

ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.

Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust

rny growths that are loosely attached on the skin. They may become large in some individuals and remain small in others. Scurs usually do not cause any pro

y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products

lems, but some producers consider them to be unattractive. They are easily removed by normal dehorning techniques. Generally scurs are not a concern to cat

.

As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de

tle feeders. Since scurs are not attached to the skull, unlike horns, they would cause little if any damage to confinement cattle.

Registered breeders bew

elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.

Companies that provide selfless information through particip

are if you have an animal that exhibits scurs, do not remove them as most breed associations will consider an animal horned if it has had the scurs removed

tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products

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